ABSTRACT
RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la serie de posibles heterogeneidades que subyacen a la aparente similitud en ciertos indicadores no refinados de mortalidad por COVID-19 -como las tasas brutas de mortalidad o las muertes por millón de habitantes- en Argentina y Colombia. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio en el que se utilizaron datos agregados de los informes diarios de vigilancia epidemiológica proporcionados por los ministerios de salud de Argentina y de Colombia, para explorar diferenciales en el nivel poblacional mediante el uso de técnicas clásicas de estandarización demográfica. RESULTADOS: Se detectó que el impacto de la mortalidad y la letalidad de casos es mayor en Colombia, debido a que tiene una estructura poblacional y de casos positivos de menor edad que Argentina. En especial, la mayoría de las diferencias entre países puede explicarse por ciertos grupos de edad. DISCUSIÓN: El hallazgo principal ha sido que la gran mayoría de las defunciones esperadas en Argentina y Colombia ocurrió en los grupos de 50 y de 80 años, lo que implica que el riesgo real de muerte para la población colombiana puede ser mayor que el observado para dichos grupos etarios.
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to explore the series of possible heterogeneities that could be found beneath the apparent similarity in COVID-19 mortality indicators (such as crude death rates or deaths per million inhabitants) in Argentina and Colombia. METHODS: We performed a study using aggregate data of the epidemiological surveillance daily reports provided by the Health Ministry from Argentina and Colombia to explore differentials at a population level, by using classic demographic standardization techniques. RESULTS: We could identify that the impact of mortality and case fatality ratio is higher in Colombia, due to having a younger population structure and a younger positive cases age structure than Argentina. Specially, the largest contributions in mortality differentials across countries were found in some specific age groups. DISCUSSION: The main finding is that the majority of the difference in expected deaths between Colombia and Argentina was concentrated in the age groups that were between ages 50 and 80, which implies that mortality risks for the Colombian population may be higher than the ones observed for those ages.
ABSTRACT
There is a link between food systems, environment, and human health. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-FAO, food production from animal and plant origin, using unsustainable agricultural practices with the excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides have adverse effects on the environment and could contaminate water sources and even the soil.1 Also, the production of food from animal origin is one of those responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases, fresh water expenditure, and soil loss. Therefore, with the current food consumption and unsustainable human practices, the future of humanity will be uncertain.
ABSTRACT
Garrett-Bakelman FE et al, demonstrated a spectrum of molecular and physiological changes attributed to spaceflight in their recently published “NASA Twins Study”.1 During his 340 days in space onboard the International Space Station (ISS), one of a pair of monozygotic twins was not only challenged by noise, isolation, hypoxia, and alterations in the circadian rhythm, but more importantly the exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and microgravity. Terrestrials are subjected constantly to surface gravity and most if not all physiological processes have adapted accordingly. It is therefore easy to envisage that weightlessness can have consequences for space travellers.2